Sert \u00e7ekirdekli meyve bah\u00e7elerinde vir\u00fcs ve viroid kaynakl\u0131 hastal\u0131klar verimi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr, kaliteyi bozar ve \u00fcretim maliyetini art\u0131r\u0131r. Belirtiler \u00e7o\u011fu kez ba\u015fka sorunlarla kar\u0131\u015f\u0131r; bu nedenle temiz fidan kullan\u0131m\u0131, karantina kurallar\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenilir testlerle materyalin do\u011frulanmas\u0131 kritik \u00f6nemdedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda ACLSV, ApMV, Sharka\/PPV, Erik C\u00fccelik Vir\u00fcs\u00fc, PNRSV, \u015eeftali Latent Mozaik Viroidi ve Avrupa Sert \u00c7ekirdekli Meyve Sar\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 fitoplazmas\u0131 gibi hastal\u0131klar\u0131n sert \u00e7ekirdekli meyveler \u00fczerindeki etkilerine, bula\u015f\u0131 yollar\u0131na ve m\u00fccadele y\u00f6ntemlerine yer verece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bitki zararl\u0131lar\u0131, konuk\u00e7u bitki ile birlikte evrimle\u015fir. \u00d6zellikle vir\u00fcsler gibi s\u0131kl\u0131kla belirtisiz olan patojenler \u00f6zel bir risk olu\u015fturur. Bu riski y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in, materyal yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda karantina g\u00f6zetimi gerektiren zararl\u0131lardan ar\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in etkili test (endeksleme) prosed\u00fcrleri gerekir. \u00c7ok veya az zarara neden olabilen \u00e7ok say\u0131da viral etmen vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Elma Klorotik Yaprak Leke Vir\u00fcs\u00fc (ACLSV), sert \u00e7ekirdeklilerde b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi ve verimi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr; sert \u00e7ekirdekli meyvelerde (erik, kay\u0131s\u0131, \u015feftali, badem) ps\u00f6dopoks ve erikte g\u00f6vde kabu\u011fu \u00e7atlamas\u0131 gibi ciddi sorunlar olu\u015fturur. Belirtiler yaprak, meyve ve g\u00f6vdede ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar ve \u015fiddet, konuk\u00e7u t\u00fcr\u00fc ile vir\u00fcs \u0131rk\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kiraz ve vi\u015fnede tek ba\u015f\u0131na ya da Prunus nekrotik ringspot vir\u00fcs\u00fc (PNRSV) ile birlikte nekrotik, bat\u0131k meyve lekeleri g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir; kay\u0131s\u0131da greft uyumsuzlu\u011fu ve a\u011f\u0131r meyve \u015fekil bozukluklar\u0131 (kay\u0131s\u0131 ps\u00f6dopoksu, meyve lekesi) s\u0131k rastlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do\u011fal konuk\u00e7ular aras\u0131nda ba\u015fta sert \u00e7ekirdekli t\u00fcrler olmak \u00fczere k\u00fclt\u00fcre al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f Rosaceae; ayr\u0131ca ayva, elma ve armut yer al\u0131r. Vir\u00fcs a\u015f\u0131 ve \u00f6zsu a\u015f\u0131lamas\u0131yla yay\u0131l\u0131r; tan\u0131, otsu konaklara \u00f6zsu aktar\u0131m\u0131yla biyolojik olarak yap\u0131l\u0131r ve serolojik ile molek\u00fcler testlerle do\u011frulan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Irk ve \u00e7e\u015fide ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak b\u00fcy\u00fcme ile verimi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr. Erik, kay\u0131s\u0131, \u015feftali ve badem yapraklar\u0131nda ilkbahar-yaz ba\u015f\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k ye\u015fil-sar\u0131 bant, halka, me\u015fe yapra\u011f\u0131 deseni ve damar a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr; s\u0131cakl\u0131k art\u0131nca belirtiler silikle\u015fir. Baz\u0131 bademlerde tomurcuk geli\u015fimi durabilir. Konuk\u00e7ular aras\u0131nda kay\u0131s\u0131, kiraz, erik, \u015feftali ve elma ile \u00e7ilek, hu\u015f, \u015ferbet\u00e7iotu, at kestanesi, k\u0131z\u0131lc\u0131k bulunur; \u00e7ok say\u0131da otsu t\u00fcr mekanik inok\u00fclasyona duyarl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bula\u015fma a\u015f\u0131 ve mekanik yollarla olur; do\u011fal vekt\u00f6r bilinmez, f\u0131nd\u0131kta tohumla ta\u015f\u0131nma bildirilmi\u015ftir. Tan\u0131, GF305\/\u2018Elberta\u2019 \u015feftali gibi indikat\u00f6r bitkiler ve Petunia\/Chenopodium<\/em> biyotestleriyle, ayr\u0131ca jel dif\u00fczyon ve ELISA ile yap\u0131l\u0131r (gen\u00e7 yaprak-taze s\u00fcrg\u00fcnde daha duyarl\u0131). M\u00fccadelede meristem k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve 37\u00b0C\u2019de 2\u20134 haftal\u0131k termoterapiyle vir\u00fcss\u00fcz fidan \u00fcretimi \u00f6nerilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Avrupa\u2019da erik, kay\u0131s\u0131, \u015feftali ve ana\u00e7larda en y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 vir\u00fcs kabul edilir. Belirtiler ilkbaharda yaprakta klorotik\/nekrotik lekeler, bant ve halkalar; meyvede halka-leke, deformasyon ve pazarlanamama; kay\u0131s\u0131 ve baz\u0131 eriklerde \u00e7ekirdekte soluk halkalar \u015feklinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u015eiddet; t\u00fcr, \u00e7e\u015fit, vir\u00fcs \u0131rk\u0131, mevsim ve b\u00f6lgeye ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Do\u011fal konuk\u00e7ular kay\u0131s\u0131, erik, \u015feftali ve \u00e7o\u011fu Prunus anac\u0131d\u0131r; badem belirti g\u00f6stermeden enfekte olabilir, yabani\/s\u00fcs Prunus t\u00fcrleri de etkilenir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f Avrupa, M\u0131s\u0131r, Suriye ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi kapsar; Amerika\u2019da ilk kay\u0131t \u015eili\u2019dir. Bula\u015fma a\u015f\u0131yla ve yaprak bitleriyle (kal\u0131c\u0131 olmayan) olur; olgunla\u015fmam\u0131\u015f kay\u0131s\u0131 tohumlar\u0131nda antijen saptansa da tohumdan fideye ge\u00e7i\u015f bildirilmemi\u015ftir. Tan\u0131da GF305 \u015feftali veya Prunus tomentosa\u2019ya a\u015f\u0131lama, ELISA (mono\/poliklonal), PCR ve doku bask\u0131s\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r; a\u011fa\u00e7 i\u00e7inde d\u00fczensiz da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m nedeniyle bir a\u011fa\u00e7tan birden \u00e7ok \u00f6rnek al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u00fccadelede termoterapi ve meristem ucu k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ile (gerekirse mikroa\u015f\u0131lama) vir\u00fcss\u00fcz materyal \u00fcretilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Erik c\u00fccelik vir\u00fcs\u00fc, sert \u00e7ekirdekli meyve alanlar\u0131nda yayg\u0131nd\u0131r; \u00f6zellikle kiraz ve vi\u015fnede s\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Literat\u00fcrde erik mozaik vir\u00fcs\u00fc, Muir \u015feftalisi c\u00fcceli\u011fi ve \u015feftali bodurlu\u011fu gibi adlarla da an\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Belirtiler t\u00fcr, vir\u00fcs \u0131rk\u0131 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fir. Vi\u015fnede sak\u0131zlanma ve sar\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr; yapraklarda klorotik halkal\u0131 benekler olu\u015fur. Kirazda klorotik leke ve halkalar, beneklenme, farkl\u0131 d\u00fczeylerde nekroz ve sa\u00e7ma deli\u011fi geli\u015febilir. Raspberry ringspot vir\u00fcs\u00fc (RRV) ile birlikte enfeksiyon \u201ct\u00f6rp\u00fc yapra\u011f\u0131\u201d bulgusunu a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r; Prunus nekrotik ringspot vir\u00fcs\u00fc (PNRSV) ile birlikte \u015fiddetli c\u00fccelik ve sararma ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Prunus salicina ve melezleri, \u2018Mazzard\u2019 ve \u2018Mahaleb\u2019 ana\u00e7lar\u0131 ile baz\u0131 vi\u015fne, kay\u0131s\u0131 ve badem \u00e7e\u015fitleri \u00e7o\u011fu zaman belirti vermez; ancak baz\u0131 \u0131rklar kay\u0131s\u0131da yaprak sap\u0131 ve dallarda yo\u011fun sak\u0131zlanmaya yol a\u00e7abilir. Baz\u0131 kay\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitleri ise do\u011fal olarak duyarl\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n PNRSV (Nekrotik Halkal\u0131 Leke Vir\u00fcs\u00fc), ekonomik etkisi vir\u00fcs \u0131rk\u0131na, konuk\u00e7u t\u00fcr\u00fcne ve \u00e7e\u015fide ba\u011fl\u0131 olan, sert \u00e7ekirdekli meyvelerde yayg\u0131n bir ajand\u0131r. Enfeksiyondan sonra 1\u20132 y\u0131l s\u00fcren \u201c\u015fok\u201d evresinde ilkbaharda yapraklarda klorotik\/nekrotik lekeler, halkalar, d\u00fczensiz \u00e7izgiler ve sa\u00e7ma deli\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar; baz\u0131 konuk\u00e7ularda ge\u00e7 uyanma, yaprak ve \u00e7i\u00e7ek tomurcu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile s\u00fcrg\u00fcn gerilemesi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bademde beyaz\/sar\u0131 lekeler ve me\u015fe yapra\u011f\u0131 deseni, \u015feftalide kabuk nekrozu ile g\u00f6vdede yar\u0131lma geli\u015febilir; kiraz ve vi\u015fnede belirtiler yineleyebilir. Bula\u015fma a\u015f\u0131 ve mekanik inok\u00fclasyonla, ayr\u0131ca bir\u00e7ok Prunus\u2019ta tohum ve polenle olur; do\u011fal yay\u0131lma genelde yava\u015ft\u0131r ancak \u015feftali ve vi\u015fnede y\u0131ll\u0131k oran y\u00fckselebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tan\u0131da GF305 gibi indikat\u00f6rler, ELISA ve PCR kullan\u0131l\u0131r. M\u00fccadelede termoterapi, meristem ucu k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve gerekirse mikroa\u015f\u0131lama ile vir\u00fcss\u00fcz materyal \u00fcretilir. Akut d\u00f6nemden sonra enfeksiyon \u00e7o\u011fu kez sessiz seyreder, n\u00fcksler de olabilir. Baz\u0131 Rosa t\u00fcrleri de konuk\u00e7udur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u015eeftali Latent Mozaik Viroidi d\u00fcnya genelinde yayg\u0131n olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r; be\u015finci y\u0131ldan sonra a\u011fac\u0131n ekonomik \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc h\u0131zla k\u0131salt\u0131r, baz\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitlerde meyve kalitesini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr. Yapraklarda mozaik \u00e7o\u011fu kez siliktir de; tomurcuk a\u00e7\u0131m\u0131, \u00e7i\u00e7eklenme ve meyve olgunlu\u011fu 4\u20136 g\u00fcn gecikebilir. Darbeli klorotik lekeler; k\u0131r\u0131k sutur izleriyle deforme, \u015fi\u015fkin ve d\u00fczensiz meyveler; tomurcuk nekrozu, g\u00f6vdede \u00e7ukurla\u015fma ve h\u0131zl\u0131 ya\u015flanma g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Ayn\u0131 viroidin Japonya\u2019da \u015feftali sar\u0131 mozai\u011fine yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 bildirilmi\u015ftir. Konuk\u00e7ular \u015feftali ve \u015feftali melezleridir. Yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f Avrupa, Asya, Afrika ve Amerika\u2019da \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00fclkede kay\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bula\u015fma a\u015f\u0131 ve kirli aletlerle mekanik olur; a\u00e7\u0131k alanda yay\u0131labilir; yaprakbitleriyle deneysel iletim raporlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Polen, tohum ve akarlarla bula\u015fma g\u00f6sterilmemi\u015ftir. Tan\u0131 serada GF305 par\u00e7a a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 ve \u015fiddetli \u0131rkla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma ile; ayr\u0131ca PAGE, PCR ve hibridizasyonla yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130n vitro s\u00fcrg\u00fcn ucu mikroa\u015f\u0131lama baz\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitlerde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Avrupa Sert \u00c7ekirdekli Meyve Sar\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 fitoplazmas\u0131, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n bir\u00e7ok \u00fcretim alan\u0131nda kay\u0131s\u0131 klorotik yaprak k\u0131vr\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Japon eri\u011fi leptonekrozu gibi hastal\u0131klarla ciddi kay\u0131plara yol a\u00e7ar; ayn\u0131 etmen \u015feftali sar\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve geriye \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile nektarin ve bademde de sorun yarat\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Belirti \u015fiddeti \u00f6zellikle anac\u0131n duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Kay\u0131s\u0131da damar aras\u0131 sararma, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve k\u0131r\u0131lgan yapraklar, eksen boyunca konik k\u0131vr\u0131lma, tomurcuk bozulmas\u0131\/d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc ve b\u00fcy\u00fcme d\u00f6neminin ge\u00e7e sarkmas\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr; floem nekrozu ani ya da y\u0131llara yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f geriye \u00f6l\u00fcme neden olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Japon eri\u011finde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, silindirik k\u0131vr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yapraklar ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta hafif klorotik, sonra kahverengimsi k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 ve k\u0131r\u0131lgand\u0131r; mevsim d\u0131\u015f\u0131 tomurcuk k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, geni\u015f floem nekrozu ve dal\/a\u011fa\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc tipiktir, ana\u00e7 \u00e7o\u011fu kez canl\u0131 kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Avrupa eriklerinde enfeksiyon \u00e7o\u011fu kez gizlidir ancak P. marianna<\/em> \u00fczerine a\u015f\u0131l\u0131 a\u011fa\u00e7larda benzer bulgular olu\u015fur. \u015eeftali ve nektarinde sararma ya da k\u0131zarma, yaprak k\u0131vr\u0131lmas\u0131, erken yaprak d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc, damar \u015fi\u015fli\u011fi ve damarlarda mantar dokusu geli\u015fimiyle birlikte canl\u0131l\u0131k ve verimde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f, y\u0131llar i\u00e7inde geriye \u00f6l\u00fcm izlenir. Bademde olgunla\u015fmadan d\u00f6k\u00fclen, a\u011f\u0131r k\u0131vr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f klorotik yapraklara ek olarak a\u011fa\u00e7 kuvvetinde azalma ve geriye \u00f6l\u00fcm art\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Sert \u00e7ekirdekli meyve bah\u00e7elerinde vir\u00fcs ve viroid kaynakl\u0131 hastal\u0131klar verimi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr, kaliteyi bozar ve \u00fcretim maliyetini art\u0131r\u0131r. Belirtiler \u00e7o\u011fu kez ba\u015fka sorunlarla kar\u0131\u015f\u0131r; bu nedenle temiz fidan kullan\u0131m\u0131, karantina kurallar\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenilir testlerle materyalin do\u011frulanmas\u0131 kritik \u00f6nemdedir. Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda ACLSV, ApMV, Sharka\/PPV, Erik C\u00fccelik Vir\u00fcs\u00fc, PNRSV, \u015eeftali Latent Mozaik Viroidi ve Avrupa Sert \u00c7ekirdekli Meyve […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3650,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2771","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":6}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/atafidancilik.com\/demo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2771","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/atafidancilik.com\/demo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/atafidancilik.com\/demo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atafidancilik.com\/demo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atafidancilik.com\/demo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2771"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/atafidancilik.com\/demo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2771\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2978,"href":"https:\/\/atafidancilik.com\/demo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2771\/revisions\/2978"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atafidancilik.com\/demo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3650"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/atafidancilik.com\/demo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2771"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atafidancilik.com\/demo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2771"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atafidancilik.com\/demo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2771"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}<\/a>Sharka Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
<\/a>Erik C\u00fccelik Vir\u00fcs\u00fc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
<\/a>Nekrotik Halkal\u0131 Leke Vir\u00fcs\u00fc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
<\/a>\u015eeftali Latent Mozaik Viroidi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
<\/a>Avrupa Sert \u00c7ekirdekli Meyve Sar\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Fitoplazmas\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n