Sert \u00e7ekirdekli meyvelerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen zararl\u0131lar \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn verimini ve kalitesini olumsuz etkiler. K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 \u00f6r\u00fcmcek, yaprak biti, kabuklubit, ko\u015fnil, dip kurdu, kiraz sine\u011fi ve \u015feftali g\u00fcvesi gibi zararl\u0131lar zaman\u0131nda fark edilip do\u011fru y\u00f6ntemlerle kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131rsa kay\u0131plar b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00f6nlenebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda \u00fcreticiler i\u00e7in zararl\u0131lar\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131, bah\u00e7ede uygulanabilecek m\u00fccadele y\u00f6ntemleri gibi sert \u00e7ekirdekli meyve zararl\u0131lar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda detayl\u0131 bilgilere yer verdik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 \u00f6r\u00fcmcekler sert \u00e7ekirdekli meyve a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131nda yayg\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclen zararl\u0131lar olup erginleri k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 tonlarda oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in t\u00fcr ayr\u0131m\u0131 zordur. K\u0131\u015f\u0131 kabuk altlar\u0131nda ve topra\u011f\u0131n 5-10 cm derinli\u011finde d\u00f6llenmi\u015f di\u015fi olarak ge\u00e7irir, may\u0131s ay\u0131ndan itibaren yapraklar\u0131n alt y\u00fcz\u00fcne 100-200 yumurta b\u0131rak\u0131r ve y\u0131lda 9-10 d\u00f6l verir. Yapraklarda kahverengi lekeler olu\u015fturur, zarar ilerledi\u011finde yaprak tamamen k\u0131zar\u0131r, erken d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr ve dallarda yo\u011fun a\u011f olu\u015fumu nedeniyle as\u0131l\u0131 kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kiraz, vi\u015fne, erik, kay\u0131s\u0131, \u015feftali, nektarin ve badem gibi t\u00fcrlerde \u00f6nemli kay\u0131plara yol a\u00e7ar. M\u00fccadelede do\u011fal d\u00fc\u015fman olan avc\u0131 akarlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r, geni\u015f etkili ila\u00e7lar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bah\u00e7elerde zararl\u0131lar bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda tutulabilir. Ancak pop\u00fclasyon yo\u011funlu\u011fu e\u015fik de\u011feri a\u015farsa ilkbaharda ve yaz ortas\u0131nda ruhsatl\u0131 spesifik akarisitlerle ila\u00e7lama yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yaprak bitleri sert \u00e7ekirdekli meyve a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli zararl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131r ve t\u00fcrlerine g\u00f6re a\u00e7\u0131k ye\u015filden koyu kahverengiye kadar de\u011fi\u015fen renklere sahip olabilir, baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde beyaz unumsu bir tabaka bulunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kiraz ve vi\u015fnede Myzus cerasi<\/em>, erik ve kay\u0131s\u0131da Hyalopterus pruni<\/em>, \u015feftali, nektarin ve bademde Myzus persicae<\/em> ile Brachycaudus <\/em>t\u00fcrleri \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar. Zararl\u0131lar serin iklimlerde k\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrg\u00fcn ve g\u00f6zlerde yumurta halinde ge\u00e7irir, ilkbaharda yumurtalardan \u00e7\u0131kan nimfler yaprak altlar\u0131nda koloniler olu\u015fturarak bitkinin \u00f6zsuyunu emer ve yapraklarda ball\u0131 madde birikimiyle karaball\u0131k meydana gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu durum yapraklar\u0131n g\u00f6revini yapmas\u0131n\u0131 engellerken ayn\u0131 zamanda bir\u00e7ok vir\u00fcs\u00fcn ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar. M\u00fccadelede yaz boyunca obur s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerin budanmas\u0131, do\u011fal d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve pop\u00fclasyon yo\u011funlu\u011fu e\u015fik de\u011feri a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda se\u00e7ici afisitlerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nerilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kabuklubitler, sert \u00e7ekirdekli meyve a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131nda ciddi zarara yol a\u00e7an \u00f6nemli zararl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle \u015feftali, badem ve nektarinde Dut ko\u015fnili (Pseudolacaspis pentagona) ve \u015eeftali virg\u00fclkabuklubiti (Nilotaspis halli<\/em>) \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bunun yan\u0131nda Epidiaspis leperii<\/em>, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus<\/em> ve Lepidosaphes ulmi<\/em> de zarar yapan t\u00fcrlerdir. Ergin di\u015filer yuvarlak veya virg\u00fcl \u015feklindeki kabuklar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda bulunur; v\u00fccutlar\u0131 limon sar\u0131s\u0131 tonlarda, kabuklar\u0131 ise beyazdan kahverengiye de\u011fi\u015fen renktedir. K\u0131\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6llenmi\u015f di\u015fi ya da son nimf halinde ge\u00e7irirler. \u0130lkbaharda, nisan-may\u0131s aylar\u0131nda di\u015filer 100-200 yumurta b\u0131rak\u0131r. Birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde \u00e7\u0131kan nimfler s\u00fcrg\u00fcn, dal ve g\u00f6vdeye yerle\u015ferek \u00f6zsuyu emer. Yo\u011fun pop\u00fclasyonlarda a\u011fa\u00e7larda kuruma ve hatta \u00f6l\u00fcmler g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u00fccadelede yaprak d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra bula\u015f\u0131k dallar kesilip imha edilmeli, g\u00f6vde f\u0131r\u00e7alanarak k\u0131\u015flayan bireyler uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Do\u011fal parazitoit ve avc\u0131lar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 biyolojik denge i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir. Ayr\u0131ca k\u0131\u015f\u0131n yazl\u0131k ya\u011f uygulamalar\u0131 zararl\u0131y\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na almakta \u00e7o\u011fu zaman yeterlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ko\u015fniller, erik, \u015feftali, kay\u0131s\u0131 ve kiraz gibi sert \u00e7ekirdekli meyve a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli zararl\u0131lard\u0131r. T\u00fcrleri aras\u0131nda Sphaerolecanium prunastri<\/em>, Parthenolecanium corni<\/em>, Saissetia oleae<\/em> ve Coccus hesperidum<\/em> \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Di\u015filerin v\u00fccut rengi kirli beyazdan kahverengiye de\u011fi\u015fir, yuvarlak veya kubbemsi kabuklar\u0131 ise siyaha yak\u0131n renklere kadar farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterebilir. Genellikle k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ikinci nimf d\u00f6neminde dallar \u00fczerinde ge\u00e7irir, ilkbaharda beslenmeye ba\u015flar ve may\u0131sta erginle\u015fir. Ergin di\u015filer k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede 2000\u2019e yak\u0131n yumurta b\u0131rakabilir ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla y\u0131lda 1 d\u00f6l verir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Zararl\u0131lar, ana dal ve g\u00f6vdede emgi yaparak do\u011frudan zarar verirken, salg\u0131lad\u0131klar\u0131 ball\u0131 maddeyle fumajine yol a\u00e7arak fotosentezi engeller. Yo\u011fun pop\u00fclasyonda a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n kurumas\u0131na kadar giden kay\u0131plar ya\u015fanabilir. M\u00fccadelede budama s\u0131ras\u0131nda bula\u015f\u0131k dallar\u0131n kesilip uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, do\u011fal d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve k\u0131\u015fl\u0131k ya\u011f uygulamas\u0131 \u00f6nerilir. Yaz aylar\u0131nda ise yumurtalar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ruhsatl\u0131 ila\u00e7 kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ak\u00e7il k\u0131m\u0131l\u0131, kay\u0131s\u0131da \u00f6nemli ekonomik kay\u0131plara yol a\u00e7an genel bir zararl\u0131d\u0131r. Erginleri k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ms\u0131 ya da sar\u0131ms\u0131 kahverengi tonlardad\u0131r, yumurtalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k ye\u015fil renkte ve silindir bi\u00e7imindedir. Nimfler farkl\u0131 renklerde olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Zararl\u0131 k\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7iftle\u015fmemi\u015f ergin olarak kabuk alt\u0131 gibi korunakl\u0131 yerlerde ge\u00e7irir, nisan\u2013may\u0131s aylar\u0131nda aktif hale gelir. Bir ay kadar dal ve g\u00f6vdede beslenen erginler \u00e7iftle\u015ftikten sonra di\u015filer ortalama 70 yumurtay\u0131 14\u2019l\u00fc gruplar halinde dallara ve yapraklara b\u0131rak\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yumurtalardan \u00e7\u0131kan nimfler yaz boyunca yaprak, s\u00fcrg\u00fcn, dal ve meyvede \u00f6zsuyu emerek zarar yapar. Emgi yerlerinde zamk ak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 ve meyvelerde beyaz ke\u00e7e benzeri lekeler olu\u015fur. \u00d6zellikle kurutmal\u0131k kay\u0131s\u0131da bu lekeler sertle\u015ferek \u201cAk\u00e7il\u201d ad\u0131 verilen kalite kayb\u0131na neden olur ve meyvenin pazar de\u011ferini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u00fccadelede \u00e7o\u011funlukla do\u011fal d\u00fc\u015fmanlar yeterlidir. Ancak yo\u011fun pop\u00fclasyonlarda yumurta a\u00e7\u0131lma d\u00f6neminde ruhsatl\u0131 ila\u00e7larla kimyasal m\u00fccadele uygulanabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n May\u0131sb\u00f6cekleri ve Haziranb\u00f6cekleri, sert \u00e7ekirdekli meyve a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131nda k\u00f6k zararl\u0131s\u0131 olarak bilinir. En yayg\u0131n t\u00fcrleri aras\u0131nda adi may\u0131sb\u00f6ce\u011fi (Melolontha melolontha<\/em>), beyaz may\u0131sb\u00f6ce\u011fi (M. albida<\/em>) ve adi haziranb\u00f6ce\u011fi (Polyphylla fullo<\/em>) yer al\u0131r. 35-45 mm boyundaki bu b\u00f6cekler kahverengi tonlar\u0131nda olup elytra \u00fczerindeki beyaz desenlerle kolayca tan\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Larvalar\u0131 toprak alt\u0131nda \u201cC\u201d \u015feklinde k\u0131vr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f halde bulunur ve a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n sa\u00e7ak k\u00f6klerini kemirerek su ve besin al\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 engeller. \u00d6zellikle fidanlarda kurumalara yol a\u00e7ar. Geli\u015fimleri 2-3 y\u0131l s\u00fcrer, erginler may\u0131s-haziran d\u00f6neminde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Erginler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa gelir, g\u00fcnd\u00fcz yaprakla beslenir ancak esas zarar\u0131 larvalar yapar. M\u00fccadelede erginlerin \u0131\u015f\u0131k tuzaklar\u0131yla toplan\u0131p imha edilmesi etkili bir y\u00f6ntemdir. Bah\u00e7e tesisinde sertifikal\u0131 fidan kullan\u0131lmal\u0131, yanm\u0131\u015f ah\u0131r g\u00fcbresi tercih edilmeli ve g\u00fcbre a\u00e7\u0131kta b\u0131rak\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kimyasal m\u00fccadele zordur, ancak yo\u011fun bula\u015f\u0131k alanlarda nisan-may\u0131s aylar\u0131nda ruhsatl\u0131 ila\u00e7larla toprak ila\u00e7lamas\u0131 yap\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Meyve a\u011fac\u0131 dip kurtlar\u0131, sert \u00e7ekirdekli meyvelerde en tehlikeli zararl\u0131lardan biridir. Capnodis t\u00fcrleri ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere erik, kiraz, kay\u0131s\u0131, badem ve \u015feftali a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Erginleri 15-30 mm boyunda, siyah renkte ve beyaz lekeli olup yaprak ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerde beslenir. As\u0131l zarar\u0131 10 cm\u2019ye kadar b\u00fcy\u00fcyebilen larvalar yapar. Yumurtalar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6k bo\u011faz\u0131 \u00e7evresine b\u0131rakan di\u015filerden \u00e7\u0131kan larvalar h\u0131zla k\u00f6klere ula\u015f\u0131r, kambiyum tabakas\u0131n\u0131 kemirir ve d\u00fczensiz galeriler a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu nedenle fidan ve gen\u00e7 a\u011fa\u00e7lar ayn\u0131 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde kuruyabilir, yo\u011fun pop\u00fclasyonda yeti\u015fkin a\u011fa\u00e7lar da 1-2 y\u0131lda tamamen \u00f6lebilir. Zararl\u0131 1-2 y\u0131lda bir d\u00f6l verir. M\u00fccadelede bah\u00e7elerin bak\u0131ml\u0131 olmas\u0131, sulama ve g\u00fcbrelemenin d\u00fczenli yap\u0131lmas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yabanc\u0131 otlar\u0131n temizli\u011fi, sabah erken saatlerde erginlerin toplanmas\u0131 ve k\u00f6k bo\u011faz\u0131n\u0131n f\u0131r\u00e7alanmas\u0131 etkili k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6nlemlerdir. Haziran\u2013a\u011fustos d\u00f6neminde yumurtlama s\u0131ras\u0131nda k\u00f6k bo\u011faz\u0131na ve g\u00f6vdeye ruhsatl\u0131 ila\u00e7 uygulanarak zararl\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sert \u00e7ekirdekli meyve a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131nda zarar yapan yaz\u0131c\u0131 b\u00f6cekler aras\u0131nda kiraz yaz\u0131c\u0131b\u00f6ce\u011fi (Scolytus rugulosus<\/em>) ve badem yaz\u0131c\u0131b\u00f6ce\u011fi (Scolytus amygdali<\/em>) \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar. Kiraz yaz\u0131c\u0131b\u00f6ce\u011fi erginleri 2-3 mm boyunda, parlak siyah renkli ve silindirik yap\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. K\u0131\u015f\u0131 kabuk alt\u0131nda a\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131 galerilerde larva d\u00f6neminde ge\u00e7irir, ilkbaharda pupa olur ve nisan sonunda ergin \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Di\u015filer 2-3 cm uzunlu\u011funda galerilere 20-80 yumurta b\u0131rak\u0131r. Larvalar 10-20 cm uzunlu\u011funda e\u011fri galeriler a\u00e7arak beslenir ve temmuzda ilk, eyl\u00fclde ikinci d\u00f6l ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Y\u0131lda 1-3 d\u00f6l verir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6zellikle bak\u0131ms\u0131z ve zay\u0131f d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f a\u011fa\u00e7larda yo\u011fun zarar yapar, fidan ve gen\u00e7 a\u011fa\u00e7larda kurumalara neden olabilir. Polifag bir zararl\u0131 olup kiraz, kay\u0131s\u0131, \u015feftali, erik, elma ve armut gibi bir\u00e7ok meyvede g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u00fccadelede bah\u00e7elerin bak\u0131ml\u0131 tutulmas\u0131, budama art\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n tuzak dal olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ve tala\u015f ak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclen dallar\u0131n yak\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir. K\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6nlemler en etkili y\u00f6ntemdir, kimyasal m\u00fccadele ise s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u015eeftali g\u00fcvesi (\u015feftali filiz g\u00fcvesi), \u015feftali ve nektarinde s\u00fcrg\u00fcn kurumalar\u0131na, kay\u0131s\u0131da ise meyve zarar\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131plara yol a\u00e7ar. Erginleri koyu grimsi boz renkte, kanatlar\u0131nda kur\u015funi lekeler bulunur. Yumurtalar\u0131 sar\u0131 renkten kahverengiye d\u00f6ner, larvalar siyah ba\u015fl\u0131 ve k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ms\u0131 halkal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n K\u0131\u015f\u0131 gen\u00e7 dallarda, kabuk \u00e7atlaklar\u0131nda kokon i\u00e7inde larva d\u00f6neminde ge\u00e7irir. \u0130lkbaharda tomurcuklarda beslenmeye ba\u015flar, s\u00fcrg\u00fcn u\u00e7lar\u0131ndan girerek galeriler a\u00e7ar. Bir larva bir\u00e7ok s\u00fcrg\u00fcn ve tomurcu\u011fa zarar verebilir. Geli\u015fimini tamamlad\u0131ktan sonra pupa olur, k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede yeni erginler \u00e7\u0131kar ve di\u015filer yumurtalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrg\u00fcn, dal, yaprak ve meyveye b\u0131rak\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u00fccadelede may\u0131s-a\u011fustos aras\u0131nda bula\u015f\u0131k s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler kesilip imha edilmeli, obur s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler temizlenmeli, d\u00f6k\u00fclen kurtlu meyveler toplanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Feromon tuzaklar\u0131yla ergin \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 takip edilerek kimyasal m\u00fccadele do\u011fru zamanda yap\u0131l\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca biyoteknik y\u00f6ntemlerden \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtma tekni\u011fi de ba\u015far\u0131yla uygulanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kiraz sine\u011fi erginleri 3-4 mm boyunda, siyah renkli bir zararl\u0131d\u0131r. \u015eeffaf kanatlar\u0131nda lacivert-siyah bantlar bulunur, thoraks\u0131 parlak siyah ve ucundaki sar\u0131 scutellum ile kolayca tan\u0131n\u0131r. K\u0131\u015f\u0131 toprakta pupa halinde ge\u00e7irir ve ilkbaharda s\u0131cakl\u0131k 15 \u00b0C \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ergin \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ba\u015flar. \u00c7i\u00e7ek polenleriyle beslendikten sonra di\u015filer, sar\u0131 olum d\u00f6nemindeki meyvelerin kabu\u011fu alt\u0131na yumurta b\u0131rak\u0131r ve feromonla i\u015faretleyerek di\u011fer di\u015fileri engeller.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bir di\u015fi 50-100 meyveye yumurta b\u0131rak\u0131r. Yumurtalar 5-10 g\u00fcnde a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r, larvalar 15-30 g\u00fcn meyvede beslenir ve topra\u011fa inerek pupa olur. Y\u0131lda 1 d\u00f6l verir. Orta ve ge\u00e7\u00e7i \u00e7e\u015fitlerde zarar\u0131 y\u00fcksektir, tolerans\u0131 s\u0131f\u0131rd\u0131r. M\u00fccadelede erkenci \u00e7e\u015fitlerin tercih edilmesi, toprak i\u015flenmesi, bula\u015f\u0131k meyvelerin toplan\u0131p imhas\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir. Yabani kiraz ve vi\u015fne gibi konuk\u00e7ular bah\u00e7ede bulundurulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Pop\u00fclasyon d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckse sar\u0131 yap\u0131\u015fkan tuzak ve amonyak kaps\u00fclleriyle kitlesel yakalama yap\u0131labilir. Feromon tuzaklar\u0131 da etkili y\u00f6ntemlerdendir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ben d\u00fc\u015fmesi d\u00f6neminde ilk ergin g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcnce ruhsatl\u0131 ila\u00e7larla kimyasal m\u00fccadele yap\u0131lmal\u0131, gerekirse iki hafta sonra tekrarlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. K\u0131smi yem dal ila\u00e7lamas\u0131 da \u00fcreticiler i\u00e7in bir di\u011fer se\u00e7enektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kanad\u0131 noktal\u0131 sirkesine\u011fi (D. suzukii<\/em>) erkeklerin kanad\u0131ndaki siyah nokta ve \u00f6n bacak taraklar\u0131yla, di\u015filerin ise di\u011fer Drosophila t\u00fcrlerinden ayr\u0131lan testere benzeri ovipozit\u00f6r\u00fcyle tan\u0131n\u0131r. Yumurtalar \u015feffaft\u0131r, taban\u0131nda iki flament bulunur; flamentler meyvenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kal\u0131r. Larva beyazd\u0131r, 3 d\u00f6nem ge\u00e7irip pupa olur; pupalar k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ms\u0131 kahverengidir ve u\u00e7lar\u0131nda iki sap\u00e7\u0131k ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n K\u0131\u015f\u0131 ergin halinde korunakl\u0131 yerlerde ge\u00e7irir; \u0131l\u0131man b\u00f6lgelerde y\u0131l boyu aktiftir. 10-30 C ve nispi nemin %60 \u00fcst\u00fc geli\u015fme i\u00e7in elveri\u015flidir. \u0130lkbaharda 10 C\u2019de u\u00e7u\u015f ba\u015flar; di\u015filer olgunla\u015fan meyveye tek tek yumurta b\u0131rak\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bir di\u015fi \u00f6mr\u00fcnde ortalama 350 yumurta b\u0131rak\u0131r, ergin 20-30 g\u00fcn ya\u015far. Yumurta 12-72 saatte a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r; larvalar 3-7 g\u00fcnde geli\u015fip meyvede ya da toprakta pupa olur; 7-14 g\u00fcnde ergin \u00e7\u0131kar ve d\u00f6l 10-24 g\u00fcnde tamamlan\u0131r. Y\u0131lda 7-15 d\u00f6l verebilir. Tolerans s\u0131f\u0131rd\u0131r; larva meyveyi \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcr, sekonder enfeksiyonlar artar. \u00c7ilek, ahududu, b\u00f6\u011f\u00fcrtlen, \u00fcz\u00fcm ve kiraz ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u00e7ok say\u0131da konuk\u00e7usu vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u00fccadelede erken hasat, art\u0131k meyvenin toplan\u0131p imhas\u0131, elma sirkeli tuzaklar\u0131n erken as\u0131lmas\u0131, haftal\u0131k kontrol ve ilk yakalamada ruhsatl\u0131 ila\u00e7lama esast\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Erik testereliar\u0131s\u0131 siyah renkte, kanat damarlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k sar\u0131ms\u0131 kahverenginde ve 3-4 mm boylar\u0131nda olan bir ar\u0131c\u0131kt\u0131r. Larvalar krem beyaz renkte ve yalanc\u0131 t\u0131rt\u0131l tipindedir. K\u0131\u015f\u0131 topra\u011f\u0131n 5-20 cm derinli\u011finde larva d\u00f6neminde ge\u00e7irirler. \u0130lkbahar ba\u015flar\u0131nda pupa d\u00f6nemine ge\u00e7en bireylerden eriklerde \u00e7i\u00e7ek tomurcuklar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fum d\u00f6neminde erginler \u00e7\u0131kar. Erginler bir s\u00fcre \u00e7i\u00e7eklerde polenlerle beslendikten sonra, yumurtalar\u0131n\u0131 yine \u00e7i\u00e7eklerin \u00e7anak yapraklar\u0131 alt\u0131nda a\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131 bir delikten i\u00e7eriye b\u0131rak\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Her meyveye bir adet olmak \u00fczere bir di\u015fi yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 70 adet yumurta koyar. Yumurtalardan 10-14 g\u00fcn sonra larvalar \u00e7\u0131kar ve do\u011fruca \u00e7i\u00e7eklere y\u00f6nelerek \u00f6nce \u00e7i\u00e7ek tablas\u0131nda, sonra ise bezelye b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne gelmi\u015f \u00e7a\u011fla durumundaki erik meyvelerini delerek i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 yerler. Larvalar bu \u015fekilde \u00e7i\u00e7ek de d\u00e2hil 7-8 meyvede beslendikten sonra geli\u015fmesini tamamlayarak topra\u011fa inerler. Erik testereliar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n zarar yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bah\u00e7elerde m\u00fccadele yap\u0131lmazsa \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn tamam\u0131 kaybedilir ve bu bah\u00e7elerde yo\u011fun bir le\u015f kokusu hissedilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u00fccadelesi; Bu zararl\u0131n\u0131n sorun oldu\u011fu bah\u00e7elerde k\u0131\u015fa girmeden \u00f6nce yap\u0131lacak olan bir toprak i\u015flemesi, pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmektedir. Zararl\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 en uygun ila\u00e7lama zaman\u0131 yumurtalar\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve k\u0131smen \u00e7i\u00e7ek tablalar\u0131nda zararl\u0131 larvalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zamand\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu ama\u00e7la \u00e7i\u00e7eklerde yap\u0131lan say\u0131mlarda %10 oran\u0131nda bula\u015fma tespit edildi\u011finde \u00e7i\u00e7ek d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc tam beklenilmeden ilk ila\u00e7lama ve gerek duyulursa 15 g\u00fcn sonra da ikinci bir uygulama yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Zararl\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 ruhsat alm\u0131\u015f ve Bal ar\u0131lar\u0131na toksisitesi olmayan ila\u00e7lar tercih edilmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Badem i\u00e7kurdu erginlerinin v\u00fccutlar\u0131 simsiyah renkte olup, d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmleri ile kanatl\u0131 kar\u0131ncalara benzerler. Yumurtalar beyaz renkte, oval yap\u0131da olup iki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck uzant\u0131ya sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Larvalar krem renginde ve bacaks\u0131z, pupalar serbest tipte olup ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta beyaz, ergin \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na yak\u0131n ise simsiyah renkte olurlar. K\u0131\u015f\u0131 badem \u00e7ekirde\u011finin i\u00e7erisinde olgun larva d\u00f6neminde ge\u00e7iren zararl\u0131, ilkbahar ba\u015flar\u0131nda ortam s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve bitkinin fenolojik durumuna g\u00f6re pupa d\u00f6nemine ge\u00e7erler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Pupadan 3-7 hafta i\u00e7erisinde ilk ergin \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131 yerine g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fmekle birlikte nisan ortas\u0131 ile haziran ba\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ve esas itibar\u0131 ile meyveler hen\u00fcz \u00e7a\u011fla d\u00f6neminde iken ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. \u0130lk ergin \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 takiben genel olarak 10. ve 14. g\u00fcnler de en y\u00fcksek ergin \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Di\u015filer meyvenin \u00e7ekirdek kabu\u011fu sertle\u015fmeden her bir \u00e7ekirdek i\u00e7erisine bir adet olmak \u00fczere toplam 70 adet meyveye yumurta b\u0131rak\u0131rlar. Bu yumurtalardan 3-4 hafta sonra larvalar \u00e7\u0131kar ve do\u011frudan meyvenin \u00e7ekirde\u011fi ile beslenirler. \u00c7ekirde\u011fin i\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131, sadece \u00e7ekirdek kabu\u011fu kalacak \u015fekilde tamamen yerler. Zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f meyveler siyah bir renk al\u0131r ve mumyala\u015farak a\u011fa\u00e7 \u00fczerinde as\u0131l\u0131 kal\u0131r, k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131 s\u00fcresince de kolayl\u0131kla d\u00f6k\u00fclmezler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu tip meyveler ilkbahar ba\u015flar\u0131nda kontrol edildi\u011finde kabuk \u00fczerinde 2 mm \u00e7ap\u0131nda ergin \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f delikleri rahatl\u0131kla g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Kozmopolit bir t\u00fcr olup badem yeti\u015ftirilen her yerde yayg\u0131nd\u0131rlar ve \u00f6zellikle i\u00e7 badem yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finde bademin ana zararl\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Badem i\u00e7kurdu, bademe \u00f6zel bir zararl\u0131d\u0131r ve y\u0131lda bir d\u00f6l verirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u00fccadelesi; Erkenci bademlerin orta ve ge\u00e7\u00e7ilere g\u00f6re hemen hemen hi\u00e7 kurtlanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Bu nedenle yeni bah\u00e7e tesis ederken zararl\u0131ya dayan\u0131kl\u0131 erkenci \u00e7e\u015fitler tercih edilmelidir. Ayr\u0131ca zararl\u0131n\u0131n sorun oldu\u011fu bah\u00e7elerde \u00f6zellikle meyve hasad\u0131ndan sonra dal\u0131nda kalan inat\u00e7\u0131 meyveler ile yere d\u00f6k\u00fclenler ilkbahar ba\u015flar\u0131nda toplanarak imha edilmelidir. Bu y\u00f6ntem \u00e7o\u011fu zaman tek ba\u015f\u0131na etkili olabilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Di\u011fer taraftan ila\u00e7l\u0131 m\u00fccadeleye karar vermede; \u0130lkbaharda badem a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00fczerinden toplanan kurtlu meyvelerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 imha edilmeyip bah\u00e7e i\u00e7erisinde erginlerin d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kamayaca\u011f\u0131 tel kafeslere konulur ve b\u00f6ylece g\u00fcnl\u00fck yap\u0131lan kontrollerle ilk ergin \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 belirlenir. \u0130lk ergin \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6re zararl\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 ruhsatl\u0131 ila\u00e7larla birinci ila\u00e7lama hemen yap\u0131l\u0131r, meyve kabu\u011funun sertle\u015fme durumuna ve \u00e7e\u015fit farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re de ikinci ya da \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ila\u00e7lamalara karar verilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ergin koyu kahverenginde ve \u00fczeri lekelidir. Yumurta ye\u015filimsi larvalar ise gri renklidir ve geli\u015ftik\u00e7e \u00fczerlerinde siyah\u0131ms\u0131 noktalar meydana gelir. Olgunla\u015fan larvan\u0131n boyu 50 mm\u2019dir. Sadece bademlerde beslenen Badem yaprak ar\u0131s\u0131, k\u0131\u015f\u0131 toprakta bir kokon i\u00e7erisinde, olgunla\u015fm\u0131\u015f larva d\u00f6neminde ge\u00e7irir. K\u0131\u015f\u0131n sonunda pupa d\u00f6nemine ge\u00e7erler ve bu pupalardan erginler ilkbahar ba\u015flar\u0131nda, badem a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131nda yapraklar hen\u00fcz yeni yeni g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131karlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Erginler \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015ftan bir s\u00fcre sonra \u00e7iftle\u015fir ve yumurtalar\u0131n\u0131 yapraklar\u0131n \u00fcst epidermisinin hemen alt\u0131na koyarlar. Bu yumurtalardan yakla\u015f\u0131k bir hafta sonra \u00e7\u0131kan larvalar bulunduklar\u0131 yapraklar\u0131 yemeye ba\u015flarlar. Larvalar bir ay s\u00fcreyle yapraklarda oburca beslendikten sonra olgun larva d\u00f6neminde k\u0131\u015flamak \u00fczere topra\u011f\u0131n 3-4 cm i\u00e7erisine girerler. Y\u0131lda 1 d\u00f6l verirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u00fccadelesi; Sonbahar aylar\u0131nda toprak i\u015flemesi yap\u0131larak k\u0131\u015flamaya ge\u00e7en olgun larvalar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6lmeleri sa\u011flanabilir. \u00c7o\u011fu zaman pop\u00fclasyonu ekonomik zarar e\u015fi\u011finin \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kamaz, ancak pop\u00fclasyon yo\u011funlu\u011fu y\u00fcksek ve ila\u00e7lama zorunlulu\u011fu do\u011fuyorsa bu zararl\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 ruhsatl\u0131 bir ila\u00e7 ile uygulama \u00f6nerilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Sert \u00e7ekirdekli meyvelerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen zararl\u0131lar \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn verimini ve kalitesini olumsuz etkiler. K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 \u00f6r\u00fcmcek, yaprak biti, kabuklubit, ko\u015fnil, dip kurdu, kiraz sine\u011fi ve \u015feftali g\u00fcvesi gibi zararl\u0131lar zaman\u0131nda fark edilip do\u011fru y\u00f6ntemlerle kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131rsa kay\u0131plar b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00f6nlenebilir. Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda \u00fcreticiler i\u00e7in zararl\u0131lar\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131, bah\u00e7ede uygulanabilecek m\u00fccadele y\u00f6ntemleri gibi sert \u00e7ekirdekli meyve zararl\u0131lar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda detayl\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3649,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2773","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":6}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/atafidancilik.com\/demo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2773","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/atafidancilik.com\/demo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/atafidancilik.com\/demo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atafidancilik.com\/demo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atafidancilik.com\/demo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2773"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/atafidancilik.com\/demo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2773\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2977,"href":"https:\/\/atafidancilik.com\/demo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2773\/revisions\/2977"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atafidancilik.com\/demo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3649"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/atafidancilik.com\/demo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2773"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atafidancilik.com\/demo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2773"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atafidancilik.com\/demo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2773"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}<\/a>Kabuklu Bitler <\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Ko\u015fniller\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
<\/a>Ak\u00e7il K\u0131m\u0131l\u0131 <\/h2>\n\n\n\n
<\/a>May\u0131sb\u00f6cekleri ve Haziranb\u00f6cekleri <\/h2>\n\n\n\n
<\/a>Meyve A\u011fac\u0131 Dip Kurtlar\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
<\/a>Yaz\u0131c\u0131 B\u00f6cekler<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
<\/a>\u015eeftali G\u00fcvesi\/\u015eeftali Filiz G\u00fcvesi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
<\/a>Kiraz Sine\u011fi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
<\/a>Kanad\u0131 Noktal\u0131 Sirkesine\u011fi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
<\/a>Erik Testereli Ar\u0131s\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
<\/a>Badem \u0130\u00e7 Kurdu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
<\/a>Badem Yaprak Ar\u0131s\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n